TIMs are type I transmembrane glycoproteins with one Ig-like V-type domain and a Ser/Thr-rich mucin stalk. TIM-3 is expressed on the surface of effector T cells (CD4 Th1 and CD8 Tc1) but not on helper T cells (CD4 Th2 and CD8 Tc2). In chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and some cancers, TIM-3 is upregulated on several other hematopoietic cell types. The Ig domain of TIM-3 interacts with a ligand on resting but not activated Th1 and Th2 cells. The glycosylated Ig domain of TIM-3 binds cell-associated galectin-9. This induces TIM-3 Tyr phosphorylation and pro-apoptotic signaling. TIM-3 functions as a negative regulator of Th1 cell activity. Its blockade results in increased IFN-gamma production, Th1 cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, regulatory T cell development, and increases in macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into sites of inflammation. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF® Dyes and other labels. CF® Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF®405S and CF®405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.